Modern Hypnosis ? 5 Various kinds Modern age Modern Hypnosis ...

Vegetables and fruit hypnosis has gotten some pretty bad press, some justified, but the majority of the criticism is from people that hipnosis barcelona need not truly appreciate the power of hypnosis. However it is all totally slowly changing, so it is now generally accepted along with the medical profession that hypnosis is real may also viewed as very powerful tool.

Hypnosis is a state of mind induced with the hypnotic induction, commonly containing several preliminary instructions and suggestions. Whilst in the hypnotic state subjects will be in scenario of heightened suggestibility where could be alot more just about guaranteed to believe or perform what they are being told. It usually very efficient on a lot of folks, and have been no effect on others, after you is actually the victim together with their individuals whether or not hypnosis may perhaps have any effect or.

Whilst while you scientific explanation of the things hypnosis is or the truth dissected, it?s actually generally accepted that hypnosis is real and gives you its uses by using those who is capable of doing quite remarkable results. It had not been that far back and see if the only variety hypnosis people knew of was stage hypnosis. On the net seen this with the show or in the media where volunteers are picked on the audience and hypnotized to carry out silly acts for your personal enjoyment on the entire remaining audience. At the present time nowadays hypnosis has changed and also now we already have a variety of hypnosis like self-hypnosis, Ericksonian hypnosis and NLP hypnosis to name a few. This review looks to define countless types variations of hypnosis do you be so educated about.

Traditional Hypnosis

Traditional hypnosis has been in existence temporarly while now which can be what what can cause picture immediately after hear real estate hypnosis. Traditional hypnosis is just how the hypnotist puts the individual suitable into a hypnotic trance immediately after tells the individual refurbished through giving direct commands and suggestions. Comes into play . stage hypnosis has changed from.

Traditional hypnosis has gotten some bad press progressively and unfortunately any of it is justified. We have witnessed many stories of actors and stooges playacting to the performance, possibly at and the other extreme striving become stuck inside the hypnotic state of terror struggling fully awaken. Having said this traditional hypnosis car certainly be a fun and effective tool when applied by a tuned hypnotist.

Hypnotherapy

Using hypnosis to advertise healing or positive improve however is known as hypnotherapy. It usually is often tackle psychological problems above the mind since this is where hypnosis can very powerful. When successful hypnotherapy can reprogram patterns of behaviour above the mind may also allow along with other phobias, irrational fears, addictions and negative emotions getting controlled. Hypnotherapy they can double to manage the sensations of pain, and hypnosis has been utilized to carry out surgery on fully conscious patients that would maintain obvious agony repetitive for your personal authority to access hypnosis.

Contrary to common myths, hypnotherapy doesn?t involve any type of deep sleep, truthfully the individual will be said to be fully awake whereas in an enhanced state of awareness. Although the patient must remain fully geared towards the treatment and then the success of hypnotherapy is actually the patients capability serve pnl en barcelona just what being said, establishing the perfect rapport with all the current therapist terribly important. The patient must depend upon the process and go into the therapy who has an open mind may also be treatment will fail.

Self-hypnosis

Hypnotherapy (sometimes referred to as auto hypnosis) genuinely self induced model of hypnosis and typically involves the subject learning a number of procedures, or following having a recording or some other model of media. Usually actually another model of hypnotherapy together with a hypnotherapist can frequently teach or recommend self-hypnosis onto their patients. Helpful to utilized for relaxation and it has been dissimilar to meditation.

Just the distinction between hypnosis and self-hypnosis constantly that when you start using self-hypnosis you will definitely be acting on the suggestions of yourself rather than just any 3rd party. In reality it has been said each and every forms of hypnosis are hands down self-hypnosis considering the fact that subject will be through the same processes in their eyes, a hypnotist merely helps the individual in the trance state and provides their suggestions, yet it is the individual that processes these thoughts within just their minds. Essentially an identical whether using self-hypnosis or being hypnotized with the 3rd party.

The uses of self-hypnosis are really a lot like that regarding hypnotherapy may also be familiar with combat psychological problems like phobias, addictions, stress as well as psychological problems. Helpful to often enter a complicated state of relaxation and is why self-hypnosis may dissimilar to triggered meditating.

NLP Hypnosis

NLP hypnosis (neuro-linguistic programming) is additionally a model of hypnosis a lot like self-hypnosis but concentrates a little more about peoples behaviours. NLP began to become a model of psychological therapy a lot like hypnosis and was originally often tackle similar psychological problems like phobias, depression, habit and learning disorders. Whilst actually still the situation, today NLP is viewed more to become a self-help tool and may often promote feeling of physical condition. NLP is increasing rapidly worldwide and achieving more popular then ever to the professional world. NLP classes are becoming popular within big businesses, specifically in management training, life coaching and self-help.

NLP hypnosis is applied to tackle psychological or behavioural problems or simply improve ones a feeling of physical condition. It truly is a great tool for motivation and improving self esteem, although again it?s actually unclear to the scientific community those things NLP is or the truth dissected.

Ericksonian Hypnosis

Often called conversational hypnosis or covert hypnosis, Ericksonian hypnosis is just how an issue may just be hypnotized in the normal conversation, often but minus the subject realizing could be being hypnotized .

Ericksonian hypnosis or conversational hypnosis was started in front of the hypnotherapist Dr Milton H. Erickson, who learnt to implement his speech so effectively after becoming paralyzed and seriously ill himself. After contracting polio at the age 17 he was essentially bedridden for long periods, but during this time period he learnt the significance of non-verbal communication ? along with other mannerisms and possible vocal tone.

Various of hypnosis may on triggered skeptical about hypnotherapy or older traditional hypnosis, and it has been postulated getting more desirable on triggered more skeptical. Not just by therapists during conversation and bypasses then, the materials stage when a hypnotist will ?induce trance? before performing their work, although determined by Erickson the sufferer will still enter this trance like state, having said that it practitioner barcelona will occur in the few second using clever hypnotic language and methods during normal conversation.

Source: http://peebelsequipment.com/modern-hypnosis-5-various-kinds-modern-age-modern-hypnosis/

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Whitepaper for Sony Xperia S gives us a detailed look at its specs

Android Central

While we're not expecting to see the Sony Xperia S until early March, we're gradually seeing more and more details on the device trickling out. British retailer Clove has received a copy of the Whitepaper for the Xperia S and within its 18 pages we get a pretty detailed look into its specs. 

The Playstation certified device will come pre-loaded with a copy of Need for Speed Shift, and will come bundled with a micro-HDMI cable.

The 720p display is protected by a "shatter proof sheet on scratch resistant glass." Disappointingly the on-board storage is listed as "1 to 1.5GB" although at least we do get microSD card support expanding this. Taking a look at the rear 12mp camera, we see it sports a 16x digital zoom, a f/2.4 aperture and the 3D sweep panorama mode previously found on the Xperia Arc S

Delving into the software, anyone who's ever used an Xperia device will be right at home. The Timescape application is still there, along with an "infinite button" which acts as a smart filter within Timescape. 

We've already seen mention of support for GLONASS, but we also see that USB tethering and WiFi hotspot functionalities come built in. 

If you're liking the look of the Xperia S, hit the source link to take a look at the whitepaper in its entirity. 

Source: Clove
More: Hands on with the Sony Xperia S

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/androidcentral/~3/xc5D2qe66t4/story01.htm

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CBS' 'Big Bang' surpasses Fox's 'American Idol' (AP)

NEW YORK ? The geeks have bragging rights over the superstar strivers.

The CBS comedy "The Big Bang Theory" had a slightly larger audience than Fox's "American Idol" during the half hour when the shows were in head-to-head competition on Thursday, the Nielsen Co. said. The advantage was slight ? 16.13 million to 15.56 million ? but significant. It is believed to be the first scripted series to beat the Fox juggernaut in head-to-head competition.

That speaks to a slow start for "American Idol" this year, even though the show's Wednesday edition was the top-rated program of the week.

"The Big Bang Theory," meanwhile, is up 15 percent in viewership this season in what has been a strong year for comedy. Syndication may be a big factor in its success. It's the first year reruns of the comedy from past seasons are being shown elsewhere on the TV dial, and that often attracts more viewers to the fresh episodes.

The comedy's success is also helping Rob Schneider's new sitcom "Rob," which immediately follows it on CBS' schedule. "Rob" finished among Nielsen's top 10 last week.

Fox News Channel is celebrating a milestone. The end of January marks 10 years since it eclipsed CNN as the top-rated cable news network, a status it has not relinquished. Fox News Chairman and CEO Roger Ailes said he was "extremely proud" of the achievement and recognizes how difficult it is to sustain such a level of success.

Also on Tuesday, HBO announced that after one week on the air, the horseracing drama "Luck" starring Dustin Hoffman has been renewed for a second season. An estimated 3.3 million people saw the first episode in either one of the three airings on Sunday or during a December sneak preview.

CBS was the top broadcast network with an average of 9.3 million viewers in prime time last week (5.9 rating, 10 share). Fox averaged 8 million (4.7, 7), NBC had 6.1 million (3.8, 6), ABC had 5.7 million (3.6, 6), the CW had 1.1 million (0.8, 1) and ION Television had 1.1 million (0.7, 1).

Among the Spanish-language networks, Univision led with a 3.7 million average (1.8, 3), Telemundo had 1.4 million (0.7, 1), TeleFutura had 610,000 (0.3, 1), Estrella had 220,000 and Azteca 190,000 (both 0.1, 0).

NBC's "Nightly News" topped the evening newscasts with an average of 9.3 million viewers (6.2, 11). ABC's "World News" was second with 8.2 million (5.4, 10) and the "CBS Evening News" had 6.7 million viewers (4.5, 8).

A ratings point represents 1,147,000 households, or 1 percent of the nation's estimated 114.7 million TV homes. The share is the percentage of in-use televisions tuned to a given show.

For the week of Jan. 23-29, the top 10 shows, their networks and viewerships: "American Idol" (Wednesday), Fox, 19.67 million; "American Idol" (Thursday), Fox, 17.14 million; "The Big Bang Theory," CBS, 16.13 million; "CSI: Crime Scene Investigation," CBS, 14.26 million; "Criminal Minds," CBS, 13.82 million; "Undercover Boss," CBS, 13.15 million; "NCIS," CBS, 12.55 million; NFL Football: Pro Bowl, NBC, 12.5 million; "Touch," Fox, 12.01 million; "Rob," CBS, 11.5 million.

(Note: The "American Idol" number from Thursday on the list exceeds "The Big Bang Theory" because it is an average audience for the competition's full hour on the air, not just the half hour when the comedy was airing on CBS.)

___

ABC is owned by The Walt Disney Co. CBS is owned by CBS Corp. CW is a joint venture of Warner Bros. Entertainment and CBS Corp. Fox and My Network TV are units of News Corp. NBC and Telemundo are owned by Comcast Corp. ION Television is owned by ION Media Networks. TeleFutura is a division of Univision. Azteca America is a wholly owned subsidiary of TV Azteca S.A. de C.V.

___

Online:

http://www.nielsen.com

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/tv/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20120131/ap_en_tv/us_nielsens

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Google clarifies what isn't changing with new privacy policy

Google Privacy Policy
As you may remember, roughly a week ago Google issued a major overhaul of its privacy policies -- condensing some 60 scattered terms of service into a single document covering a vast majority of its internet empire. Of course, this raised concern, confusion and led to stories circulating the web about the inherent danger of the revised TOS. Truth be told, most of the wild-eyed fear mongering was done by those who either had not read or had not understood what the simplified policies mean (though, we hardly fault them for being suspicious). Google is looking to allay those fears however, and has released the full text of a letter written to congress clarifying the new TOS. The important information here is presented on the Google Public Policy Blog as bullet points and that is what's not changing. Users will still be able to search without signing in, opt out of targeted ads, export their data and maintain fine-grained control over their private data. Oh and Google will never, we repeat never, sell your information to advertisers. Hit up the source link if you're still in need of more details.

Google clarifies what isn't changing with new privacy policy originally appeared on Engadget on Tue, 31 Jan 2012 09:19:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink   |  sourceGoogle Public Policy Blog  | Email this | Comments

Source: http://www.engadget.com/2012/01/31/google-clarifies-what-isnt-changing-with-new-privacy-policy/

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Severe python damage to Florida's native Everglades animals documented in new study

ScienceDaily (Jan. 30, 2012) ? Precipitous declines in formerly common mammals in Everglades National Park in Florida have been linked to the presence of invasive Burmese pythons, according to a study by Michael Dorcas, an associate professor of biology at Davidson College, and colleagues. The research is published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The study, the first to document the ecological impacts of this invasive species, strongly supports that animal communities in the 1.5-million-acre park have been markedly altered by the introduction of pythons within 11 years of their establishment as an invasive species. Mid-sized mammals are the most dramatically affected, but some Everglades pythons are as large as 16 feet long, and their prey have included animals as large as deer and alligators.

"The magnitude of these declines underscores the apparent incredible density of pythons in Everglades National Park and justifies the argument for more intensive investigation into their ecological effects, as well as the development of effective control methods," said Dorcas, lead author of the study and author of the 2010 book Invasive Pythons in the United States.

He continued, "Such severe declines in easily seen mammals bode poorly for the many species of conservation concern that are more difficult to sample but that may also be vulnerable to python predation."

The most severe declines, including a nearly complete disappearance of raccoons, rabbits and opossums, have occurred in the remote southernmost regions of the park, where pythons have been established the longest. In this area, populations of raccoons dropped 99.3 percent, opossums 98.9 percent and bobcats 87.5 percent. Marsh and cottontail rabbits, as well as foxes, were not seen at all.

The researchers collected their information via repeated systematic night-time road surveys within the park, counting both live and road-killed animals. Over the period of the study, researchers traveled a total of nearly 39,000 miles from 2003 to 2011 and compared their findings with similar surveys conducted in 1996 and 1997 along the same roadways before pythons were recognized as established in Everglades National Park.

The authors also conducted surveys in ecologically similar areas north of the park where pythons have not yet been discovered. In those areas, mammal abundances were similar to those in the park before pythons proliferated. At sites where pythons have only recently been documented, however, mammal populations were reduced, though not to the dramatic extent observed within the park where pythons are well established.

"Pythons are wreaking havoc on one of America's most beautiful, treasured and naturally bountiful ecosystems," said U.S. Geological Survey director Marcia McNutt. "Right now, the only hope to help halt further python invasion into new areas is swift, decisive and deliberate human action."

The authors suggested that one reason for such dramatic declines in such a short time is that these prey species are "na?ve" -- that is, they not used to being preyed upon by pythons since such large snakes have not previously existed in that ecosystem.

"It took 30 years for the brown treesnake to be implicated in the nearly complete disappearance of mammals and birds on Guam; it has apparently taken only 11 years since pythons were recognized as being established in the Everglades for researchers to implicate pythons in the same kind of severe mammal declines," said Robert Reed, a USGS scientist and co-author of the paper. "It is possible that other mammal species, including at-risk ones, have declined as well because of python predation, but at this time, the status of those species is unknown."

Another coauthor of the study was John Willson '02, a research scientist at Virginia Tech University who has worked with Dorcas on several studies, and co-authored the book Invasive Pythons in the United States.

Willson commented, "Our research adds to the increasing evidence that predators, whether native or exotic, exert major influence on the structure of animal communities. The effects of declining mammal populations on the overall Everglades ecosystem, which extends well beyond the national park boundaries, are likely profound, but are probably complex and difficult to predict. Studies examining such effects are sorely needed to more fully understand the impacts pythons are having on one of our most unique and valued national parks."

On January 23 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service published a rule in the Federal Register that will ban the importation and interstate transportation of four non-native constrictor snakes that threaten the Everglades, including the Burmese python. These snakes are being listed as injurious species under the Lacey Act.

In addition to Dorcas and Willson, authors of the study are Robert N. Reed, USGS; Ray W. Snow, NPS; Michael R. Rochford, University of Florida; Melissa A. Miller, Auburn University; Walter E. Meshaka, Jr., State Museum of Pennsylvania; Paul T. Andreadis, Denison University; Frank J. Mazzotti, University of Florida; Christina M. Romagosa, Auburn University; and Kristen M. Hart, USGS.

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Davidson College.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Michael E. Dorcas, John D. Willson, Robert N. Reed, Ray W. Snow, Michael R. Rochford, Melissa A. Miller, Walter E. Meshaka, Jr., Paul T. Andreadis, Frank J. Mazzotti, Christina M. Romagosa, and Kristen M. Hart. Severe mammal declines coincide with proliferation of invasive Burmese pythons in Everglades National Park. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2012; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1115226109

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/f_u6QPu5lpY/120130193241.htm

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Summary Box: US Steel narrows loss in 4Q (AP)

BY THE NUMBERS: U.S. Steel Corp. reported a fourth-quarter net loss of $226 million, or $1.57 per share, compared with a loss of $249 million, or $1.74 per share, a year earlier. Revenue rose 12 percent to $4.82 billion.

WINNERS, LOSERS: Shipments of tubes and pipes used by the energy industry increased. Shipments of products used for manufacturing automobiles, industrial equipment and other long-lasting goods fell 2 percent.

WHAT'S NEXT: U.S. Steel has predicted that operating results will improve in the first quarter because of higher prices and shipments.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/earnings/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20120131/ap_on_bi_ge/us_earns_us_steel_summary_box

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Katherine Heigl Rages Against Lifetime, Dance Moms


Katherine Heigl has beef with Lifetime's series Dance Moms.

In her weekly iVillage blog post, the 33-year-old actress and mother of a three-year-old daughter slams the popular show for sending inappropriate messages to young girls.

"I watched with open-mouthed amazement as girls as young as seven were encouraged to dress provocatively and shimmy around a stage doing a dance performance that could just as easily been a burlesque routine," she writes.

Wonder if she's seen Toddlers & Tiaras.

Heigl on Today

"I kept thinking all these girls were missing is a pole! I was also horrified by the way their instructor spoke to them when she felt they weren't up to snuff," Heigl writes.

"It was demeaning, belittling, and downright unkind."

"There is no reason to break anyone down in order to prepare them for inevitable disappointment or unkindness. There is no reason to diminish anyone's self-esteem in order to get them to try harder next time. Especially not a child's."

The One For the Money star is bothered by "the amount of value we place on a woman's looks, body and ability to drop it like it's hot on the dance floor."

"It's one thing to walk into a club and see 20-somethings embracing their sexuality and having fun, but it's another thing altogether watching 7-year-olds."

"Shaking their booties, bellies and nonexistent boobies on a stage in a room full of adults and be handed a trophy for it? What in the world are we telling them? That sexy is the prize and is the talent they have?"

Heigl doesn't place the blame on the children, however.

"The young girls on Dance Moms are wonderfully talented, spirited ladies who should be encouraged to perform," the Grey's Anatomy alumna explains.

"I just wish they were being inspired, instructed and supported for their gifts as I was when I found my creative path."

What do you think? Is Katherine on point?

Source: http://www.thehollywoodgossip.com/2012/01/katherine-heigl-rages-against-lifetime-dance-moms/

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Bleach:Royal Guard arc

Plot: The Soul King has become corrupted, tainted by an unknown assailant, leaving the Royal Guard resolving the matter by binding the King within a crystallized form and shattering it into several planes of the Bleach Universe. With no time to lose, the enigmatic Royal Guard reveal themselves for the greater good, to humans and Soul Society, in hopes of finding the shards and purifying the once great King to his former self.

Timeline: 1 year after the Fullbring arc.

Note: I'm keeping this as true to the series as I can, meaning there will be no new human force or Gotei 13, we'll still be having all the original characters and they too will be vacant for use. There will be several additions such as~
*Five Royal Guards
*Consort to the Soul King
*Royal Family

There will also be returning characters, but until this gets started, I won't spoil just yet with it all.

Info for the Royal Guard

Name:
Bio:
Zanpakuto:
Shikai:
(Abilities x2)
Bankai:
(Abilities x3)
With customs, you will have to mail me your character so it can be reviewed for it's validation and also, nothing too over-powered, want to keep it true to the series.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/RolePlayGateway/~3/Xwfgb_KN50Q/viewtopic.php

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Livestock, not Mongolian gazelles, drive foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks

ScienceDaily (Jan. 30, 2012) ? Wildlife health experts from the Wildlife Conservation Society have published evidence which supports the conclusion that Mongolian gazelles -- one of the most populous large land mammals on the planet -- are not a reservoir of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a highly contagious viral disease that threatens both wildlife and livestock in Asia.

Outbreaks of FMD in Mongolia affect domestic sheep, goats, camels, and cattle as well as Mongolian gazelles. In a country where roughly one-third of the human population relies directly on livestock production for their subsistence, outbreaks of FMD cause severe disruption of the rural economy.

The study, titled "Serosurveillance for Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Mongolian Gazelles (Procapra gutturosa) and Livestock on the Eastern Steppe of Mongolia," appears in the January edition of the Journal of Wildlife Diseases. The authors include: Sanjaa Bolortsetseg, Shiilegdamba Enkhtuvshin, Wendy Weisman, Amanda Fine, Angela Yang, and Damien Joly of the Wildlife Conservation Society; and D. Nyamsuren of the Dornod Aimag Veterinary Laboratory, Choibalsan, Dornod Province, Mongolia.

The Mongolian gazelle is a medium-sized antelope with a heart-shaped patch of white fur on its rump. The species gathers in vast migratory herds across Mongolia's Eastern Steppe, considered the largest intact temperate grassland in the world. The gazelle is under pressure from a variety of threats, particularly exploration for oil, gas, and minerals.

The research culminates a decade-long effort to examine the potential role of the gazelles in FMD ecology. In the recently published study (undertaken between 2005-2008), the research team collected blood samples from 36 gazelle calves and 57 adult gazelles in order to determine the prevalence of antibodies to the foot-and-mouth virus (FMDV). The team also collected samples from domestic animals kept in areas frequented by gazelles, including 138 sheep, 140 goats, 139 Bactrian camels, and 138 cattle for comparison.

The authors found that the patterns of FMDV antibody prevalence in gazelle populations reflect the dynamics of FMD in livestock across the Eastern Steppe of Mongolia. During 1998-99 (outbreak free years in livestock), researchers detected no antibodies in gazelles; conversely, during a FMD outbreak in livestock in 2001, researchers detected a 67 percent prevalence rate in gazelles. The recently published study examines the following outbreak free periods, during which the team noted a declining prevalence in FMDV antibodies in the gazelle population. Based on these observations, the authors conclude that the Mongolian gazelle population is not a reservoir for FMDV on the Eastern Steppe of Mongolia, but rather, the virus enters the gazelle population after spillover from livestock during sporadic outbreaks.

"The successful control of foot-and-mouth disease on the Eastern Steppe will require a program that focuses on livestock populations and entails health monitoring and vaccinations of domestic animals when needed," said WCS veterinary epidemiologist and co-author Shiilegdamba Enkhtuvshin.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Wildlife Conservation Society.

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Journal Reference:

  1. Sanjaa Bolortsetseg, Shiilegdamba Enkhtuvshin, D. Nyamsuren, Wendy Weisman, Amanda Fine, Angela Yang, and Damien O. Joly. Serosurveillance for Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Mongolian Gazelles (Procapra gutturosa) and Livestock on the Eastern Steppe of Mongolia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, Jan 2012

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120130172408.htm

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Research at Rice University leads to nanotube-based device for communication, security, sensing

[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 30-Jan-2012
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Contact: David Ruth
david@rice.edu
713-348-6327
Rice University

Terahertz polarizer nears perfection

Researchers at Rice University are using carbon nanotubes as the critical component of a robust terahertz polarizer that could accelerate the development of new security and communication devices, sensors and non-invasive medical imaging systems as well as fundamental studies of low-dimensional condensed matter systems.

The polarizer developed by the Rice lab of Junichiro Kono, a professor of electrical and computer engineering and of physics and astronomy, is the most effective ever reported; it selectively allows 100 percent of a terahertz wave to pass or blocks 99.9 percent of it, depending on its polarization. The research was published in the online version of the American Chemical Society journal, Nano Letters.

The broadband polarizer handles waves from 0.5 to 2.2 terahertz, far surpassing the range of commercial polarizers that consist of fragile grids wrapped in gold or tungsten wires.

Kono said technologies that make use of the optical and electrical regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are mature and common, as in lasers and telescopes on one end and computers and microwaves on the other. But until recent years, the terahertz region in between was largely unexplored. "Over the past decade or two, people have been making impressive progress," he said, particularly in the development of such sources of radiation as the terahertz quantum cascade laser.

"We have pretty good terahertz emitters and detectors, but we need a way to manipulate light in this range," Kono said. "Our work is in this category, manipulating the polarization state -- the direction of the electric field -- of terahertz radiation."

Terahertz waves exist at the transition between infrared and microwaves and have unique qualities. They are not harmful and penetrate fabric, wood, plastic and even clouds, but not metal or water. In combination with spectroscopy, they can be used to read what Kono called "spectral fingerprints in the terahertz range"; he said they would, for instance, be useful in a security setting to identify the chemical signatures of specific explosives.

The work by Kono and lead author Lei Ren, who recently earned his doctorate at Rice, makes great use of the basic research into carbon nanotubes for which the university is famous. Co-authors Robert Hauge, a distinguished faculty fellow in chemistry, and his former graduate student Cary Pint developed a way to grow nanotube carpets and to transfer well-aligned arrays of nanotubes from a catalyst to any substrate they chose, limited only by the size of the growth platform.

While Hauge and Pint were developing their nanotube arrays, Kono and his team were thinking about terahertz. Four years ago, they came across a semiconducting material, indium antimonide, that would stop or pass terahertz waves, but only in a strong magnetic field and at very low temperatures.

At about the same time, Kono's lab began working with carbon nanotube arrays transferred onto a sapphire substrate by Pint and Hauge. Those aligned arrays -- think of a field of wheat run over by a steamroller -- turned out to be very effective at filtering terahertz waves, as Kono and his team reported in a 2009 paper.

"When the polarization of the terahertz wave was perpendicular to the nanotubes, there was absolutely no attenuation," Kono recalled. "But when the polarization was parallel to the nanotubes, the thickness was not enough to completely kill the transmission, which was still at 30-50 percent."

The answer was clear: Make the polarizer thicker. The current polarizer has three decks of aligned nanotubes on sapphire, enough to effectively absorb all of the incident terahertz radiation. "Our method is unique, and it's simple," he said.

Kono sees use for the device beyond spectroscopy by manipulating it with an electric field, but that will only become possible when all of the nanotubes in an array are of a semiconducting type. As they're made now, batches of nanotubes are a random mix of semiconductors and metallics; recent work by Erik Hroz, a graduate student in Kono's lab, detailed the reasons that nanotubes separated through ultracentrifugation have type-dependent colors. But finding a way to grow specific types of nanotubes is the focus of a great deal of research at Rice and elsewhere.

###

Co-authors are former Rice postdoctoral researcher Takashi Arikawa and research associate Iwao Kawayama and Professor Masayoshi Tonouchi of the Institute of Laser Engineering at Osaka University, Japan.

The Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation and the Robert A. Welch Foundation supported the research.

Read the abstract at http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl203783q

Related links:
"Nanotubes Take Flight": http://www.media.rice.edu/media/NewsBot.asp?MODE=VIEW&ID=12868
"Gecko's lessons transfer well": http://www.media.rice.edu/media/NewsBot.asp?MODE=VIEW&ID=13617
"A see-through surprise": http://www.media.rice.edu/media/NewsBot.asp?MODE=VIEW&ID=13458&SnID=840080198
"Carbon Nanotube Terahertz Polarizer": http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl900815s
"Nano parfait a treat for scientists": http://www.media.rice.edu/media/NewsBot.asp?MODE=VIEW&ID=14248
"Scientists solve mystery of colorful armchair nanotubes": http://stage.media.rice.edu/media/NewsBot.asp?MODE=VIEW&ID=16606&SnID=1904501430

Image for download:

media.rice.edu/images/media/NewsRels/0127_FigureLeiRen.jpg

CAPTION: A triple layer of carbon nanotube arrays on a sapphire base are the basis for a new type of terahertz polarizer invented at Rice University. The polarizer could lead to new security and communication devices, sensors and non-invasive medical imaging systems. (Credit: Lei Ren/Rice University)

Located on a 300-acre forested campus in Houston, Rice University is consistently ranked among the nation's top 20 universities by U.S. News & World Report. Rice has highly respected schools of Architecture, Business, Continuing Studies, Engineering, Humanities, Music, Natural Sciences and Social Sciences and is known for its "unconventional wisdom." With 3,708 undergraduates and 2,374 graduate students, Rice's undergraduate student-to-faculty ratio is less than 6-to-1. Its residential college system builds close-knit communities and lifelong friendships, just one reason why Rice has been ranked No. 1 for best quality of life multiple times by the Princeton Review and No. 4 for "best value" among private universities by Kiplinger's Personal Finance. To read "What they're saying about Rice," go to http://www.rice.edu/nationalmedia/Rice.pdf.


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[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 30-Jan-2012
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Contact: David Ruth
david@rice.edu
713-348-6327
Rice University

Terahertz polarizer nears perfection

Researchers at Rice University are using carbon nanotubes as the critical component of a robust terahertz polarizer that could accelerate the development of new security and communication devices, sensors and non-invasive medical imaging systems as well as fundamental studies of low-dimensional condensed matter systems.

The polarizer developed by the Rice lab of Junichiro Kono, a professor of electrical and computer engineering and of physics and astronomy, is the most effective ever reported; it selectively allows 100 percent of a terahertz wave to pass or blocks 99.9 percent of it, depending on its polarization. The research was published in the online version of the American Chemical Society journal, Nano Letters.

The broadband polarizer handles waves from 0.5 to 2.2 terahertz, far surpassing the range of commercial polarizers that consist of fragile grids wrapped in gold or tungsten wires.

Kono said technologies that make use of the optical and electrical regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are mature and common, as in lasers and telescopes on one end and computers and microwaves on the other. But until recent years, the terahertz region in between was largely unexplored. "Over the past decade or two, people have been making impressive progress," he said, particularly in the development of such sources of radiation as the terahertz quantum cascade laser.

"We have pretty good terahertz emitters and detectors, but we need a way to manipulate light in this range," Kono said. "Our work is in this category, manipulating the polarization state -- the direction of the electric field -- of terahertz radiation."

Terahertz waves exist at the transition between infrared and microwaves and have unique qualities. They are not harmful and penetrate fabric, wood, plastic and even clouds, but not metal or water. In combination with spectroscopy, they can be used to read what Kono called "spectral fingerprints in the terahertz range"; he said they would, for instance, be useful in a security setting to identify the chemical signatures of specific explosives.

The work by Kono and lead author Lei Ren, who recently earned his doctorate at Rice, makes great use of the basic research into carbon nanotubes for which the university is famous. Co-authors Robert Hauge, a distinguished faculty fellow in chemistry, and his former graduate student Cary Pint developed a way to grow nanotube carpets and to transfer well-aligned arrays of nanotubes from a catalyst to any substrate they chose, limited only by the size of the growth platform.

While Hauge and Pint were developing their nanotube arrays, Kono and his team were thinking about terahertz. Four years ago, they came across a semiconducting material, indium antimonide, that would stop or pass terahertz waves, but only in a strong magnetic field and at very low temperatures.

At about the same time, Kono's lab began working with carbon nanotube arrays transferred onto a sapphire substrate by Pint and Hauge. Those aligned arrays -- think of a field of wheat run over by a steamroller -- turned out to be very effective at filtering terahertz waves, as Kono and his team reported in a 2009 paper.

"When the polarization of the terahertz wave was perpendicular to the nanotubes, there was absolutely no attenuation," Kono recalled. "But when the polarization was parallel to the nanotubes, the thickness was not enough to completely kill the transmission, which was still at 30-50 percent."

The answer was clear: Make the polarizer thicker. The current polarizer has three decks of aligned nanotubes on sapphire, enough to effectively absorb all of the incident terahertz radiation. "Our method is unique, and it's simple," he said.

Kono sees use for the device beyond spectroscopy by manipulating it with an electric field, but that will only become possible when all of the nanotubes in an array are of a semiconducting type. As they're made now, batches of nanotubes are a random mix of semiconductors and metallics; recent work by Erik Hroz, a graduate student in Kono's lab, detailed the reasons that nanotubes separated through ultracentrifugation have type-dependent colors. But finding a way to grow specific types of nanotubes is the focus of a great deal of research at Rice and elsewhere.

###

Co-authors are former Rice postdoctoral researcher Takashi Arikawa and research associate Iwao Kawayama and Professor Masayoshi Tonouchi of the Institute of Laser Engineering at Osaka University, Japan.

The Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation and the Robert A. Welch Foundation supported the research.

Read the abstract at http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl203783q

Related links:
"Nanotubes Take Flight": http://www.media.rice.edu/media/NewsBot.asp?MODE=VIEW&ID=12868
"Gecko's lessons transfer well": http://www.media.rice.edu/media/NewsBot.asp?MODE=VIEW&ID=13617
"A see-through surprise": http://www.media.rice.edu/media/NewsBot.asp?MODE=VIEW&ID=13458&SnID=840080198
"Carbon Nanotube Terahertz Polarizer": http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl900815s
"Nano parfait a treat for scientists": http://www.media.rice.edu/media/NewsBot.asp?MODE=VIEW&ID=14248
"Scientists solve mystery of colorful armchair nanotubes": http://stage.media.rice.edu/media/NewsBot.asp?MODE=VIEW&ID=16606&SnID=1904501430

Image for download:

media.rice.edu/images/media/NewsRels/0127_FigureLeiRen.jpg

CAPTION: A triple layer of carbon nanotube arrays on a sapphire base are the basis for a new type of terahertz polarizer invented at Rice University. The polarizer could lead to new security and communication devices, sensors and non-invasive medical imaging systems. (Credit: Lei Ren/Rice University)

Located on a 300-acre forested campus in Houston, Rice University is consistently ranked among the nation's top 20 universities by U.S. News & World Report. Rice has highly respected schools of Architecture, Business, Continuing Studies, Engineering, Humanities, Music, Natural Sciences and Social Sciences and is known for its "unconventional wisdom." With 3,708 undergraduates and 2,374 graduate students, Rice's undergraduate student-to-faculty ratio is less than 6-to-1. Its residential college system builds close-knit communities and lifelong friendships, just one reason why Rice has been ranked No. 1 for best quality of life multiple times by the Princeton Review and No. 4 for "best value" among private universities by Kiplinger's Personal Finance. To read "What they're saying about Rice," go to http://www.rice.edu/nationalmedia/Rice.pdf.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-01/ru-rar013012.php

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